Leaving Certificate Geography

  • Home
  • Physical Geography
    • Skills (Maps, Photos, Graphs) >
      • Ordnance Survey Map skills
      • Aerial photographs
      • Graph skills
    • Horizons Second Edition >
      • Chapter 1 Plate Tectonics
      • Chapter 2 Folding and Faulting
      • Chapter 3 Earthquakes
      • Chapter 4 Volcanoes
      • Chapter 5 The rock cycle
      • Chapter 6 Weathering
      • Chapter 7 The Karst Landscape
      • Chapter 8 Mass Movement
      • Chapter 9 Rivers
      • Chapter 10 Coastal Studies
    • Planet and People physical chapters >
      • Plate tectonics >
        • Plate Tectonics 2
        • Plate Tectonics 3
      • Rock Formation and Cycle >
        • Rocks
        • Rock types and their formation
        • Rock Cycle
        • Rock Cycle 2
        • The Rock Cycle 3
        • Rock Landscapes: Limestone
        • Intrusive and Extrusive volcanic landforms
        • Human interaction with the rock cycle
        • Tara Mines case study
      • Folding and Faulting
      • Weathering and Erosion
      • River processes and features
      • Glaciation
      • Coastal Studies >
        • Coastal Studies Ms. Carr
  • Regional Geography
    • Horizons Regional Chapters >
      • Chapter 22 Concept of a region
      • Chapter 23 The Western Region
      • Chapter 24 The Greater Dublin Area
      • Chapter 25 The Paris Basin
      • Mezzogiorno: Peripheral European region
      • Subcontinental India
    • Planet and People Regional Chapters >
      • Regional Geography Outline
      • Definition of Regions
      • Ireland: The Greater Dublin Region - Core
      • West of Ireland - Ms. Carr
      • The West of Ireland : Peripheral Region
      • Core region: Paris Basin
      • European Regions (Core Periphery) >
        • Paris Basin: Ms. Carr
        • Mezzogiorno - peripheral region
        • Mezzogiorno: European Peripheral Region
      • Subcontinental Region: India >
        • Introduction
        • India: Powerpoint
        • India: Secondary Activities
        • India: Tertiary Activities
        • India: Ms. Carr
      • EU enlargement
  • Elective: Human Environment
    • Folens: Human Elective >
      • Chapter One: Populations
      • Chapter 2 Human development and overpopulation
      • Chapter 3 The dynamics of settlement
      • Chapter 4 Migration
      • Chapter 5 Urban problems
      • Chapter 6 Urban settlement and planning issues
    • Planet and People: Human Elective >
      • Chapter 1: Population Studies >
        • Population test
      • Chapter 2 Overpopulation in Sudan >
        • Overpopulation question
        • Overpopulation and Resources
      • Chapter 3: Migration >
        • Migration Test
        • Student presentations
        • Student Presentations 2
      • Chapter 4 Settlement >
        • Settlement Patterns
        • Student work
        • Student work 2
      • Urban Sprawl-Introduction
      • Chaper 5 Three urban land use models >
        • Chapter 5: Land use change
      • Chapter 6 Urban problems in developed world cities
      • Chapter 7 Heritage Issues & Environmental Issues
      • Chapter 8 Urban planning strategies in Ireland >
        • Chapter 9 Developing world cities / counter-urbanisation
  • Culture and Identity (Hons)
    • Physical indicators of population
    • Cultural indicators of population
    • Nationality and Nation states
    • Case study: Switzerland
  • Geoecology (Hons)
    • Soils
    • Aridisoils
    • Brown earth soils
    • Latosols - Tropical rainforest soil
    • Soil Formation
    • Soil erosion - human activities
    • Soil erosion - preventative methods
    • Biome: Tropical rainforest
  • Field Investigation
    • 2013 field study
  • Exam and Papers
    • Leaving Cert Exam
    • Honours Paper
    • Ordinary Paper
    • What do I study?
  • Revision Centre
    • Physical Revision >
      • Physical Powerpoints
      • Plate tectonic questions
      • Volcano & Earthquake questions
      • Rock revision
      • River Revision
      • Glaciation Revision
    • Regional Revision >
      • Regional Powerpoints
      • EU expansion revision
      • European Regional Revision
    • Elective Revision >
      • Human Elective Powerpoints
      • Economic short questions (H&O)
    • Geoecology Option >
      • Geoecology Powerpoints
      • Geoecology questions
    • Sample Answers >
      • Sample Answers Outline
      • Physical: Sample Answers >
        • Waterfall: River Landform
        • Delta: River Landform
        • Cirques: Glacial landform
        • Drumlin: Glacial landform
        • Cave,Arch,Stack,Stump: Coastal landform
        • Beaches: Coastal landform
        • Isostatic and Eustatic Processes
        • Human control of natural processes
        • Impact of Flood Control
        • Impact of Coastal Management
        • Landform in a Karst landscape
        • Weathering and Erosion
      • Regional: Sample Answers >
        • Regions are areas defined by one or more criteria (two discussed)
        • Agriculture in Irish region influenced by factors
        • Development of agriculture in Mezzo influenced by factors
        • Development of agriculture in Paris Basin influenced by factors
        • Development of secondary activities in a Core Region
        • Industry in The Greater Dublin Area
        • The Gaeltacht
        • Climatic Region: The Cool Temperate Oceanic Climate
        • Tertiary activities in the Paris Basin
        • Two EU policies and their impact
        • EU expansion and the impact on a member state
        • The defining role of Culture (India)
        • Urban Growth : Kolkata, India
        • Growth of an urban area Paris
        • Culture defining a region - India -outline
      • Elective: Sample Answers >
        • Migration
        • Overpopulation
        • Three Urban Models
        • Geoecology: Sample Essays >
          • Soil Formation
          • Characteristics of soil
          • How human activities can accelerate soil erosion
          • Natural processes and soil
          • Tropical rainforest biome
          • Human interaction with a biome
        • Urban problems and solutions
        • Map work: Location of a Town
      • Swapped powerpoints
  • General Information
    • Geography at Leaving Cert level
  • Home
  • Physical Geography
    • Skills (Maps, Photos, Graphs) >
      • Ordnance Survey Map skills
      • Aerial photographs
      • Graph skills
    • Horizons Second Edition >
      • Chapter 1 Plate Tectonics
      • Chapter 2 Folding and Faulting
      • Chapter 3 Earthquakes
      • Chapter 4 Volcanoes
      • Chapter 5 The rock cycle
      • Chapter 6 Weathering
      • Chapter 7 The Karst Landscape
      • Chapter 8 Mass Movement
      • Chapter 9 Rivers
      • Chapter 10 Coastal Studies
    • Planet and People physical chapters >
      • Plate tectonics >
        • Plate Tectonics 2
        • Plate Tectonics 3
      • Rock Formation and Cycle >
        • Rocks
        • Rock types and their formation
        • Rock Cycle
        • Rock Cycle 2
        • The Rock Cycle 3
        • Rock Landscapes: Limestone
        • Intrusive and Extrusive volcanic landforms
        • Human interaction with the rock cycle
        • Tara Mines case study
      • Folding and Faulting
      • Weathering and Erosion
      • River processes and features
      • Glaciation
      • Coastal Studies >
        • Coastal Studies Ms. Carr
  • Regional Geography
    • Horizons Regional Chapters >
      • Chapter 22 Concept of a region
      • Chapter 23 The Western Region
      • Chapter 24 The Greater Dublin Area
      • Chapter 25 The Paris Basin
      • Mezzogiorno: Peripheral European region
      • Subcontinental India
    • Planet and People Regional Chapters >
      • Regional Geography Outline
      • Definition of Regions
      • Ireland: The Greater Dublin Region - Core
      • West of Ireland - Ms. Carr
      • The West of Ireland : Peripheral Region
      • Core region: Paris Basin
      • European Regions (Core Periphery) >
        • Paris Basin: Ms. Carr
        • Mezzogiorno - peripheral region
        • Mezzogiorno: European Peripheral Region
      • Subcontinental Region: India >
        • Introduction
        • India: Powerpoint
        • India: Secondary Activities
        • India: Tertiary Activities
        • India: Ms. Carr
      • EU enlargement
  • Elective: Human Environment
    • Folens: Human Elective >
      • Chapter One: Populations
      • Chapter 2 Human development and overpopulation
      • Chapter 3 The dynamics of settlement
      • Chapter 4 Migration
      • Chapter 5 Urban problems
      • Chapter 6 Urban settlement and planning issues
    • Planet and People: Human Elective >
      • Chapter 1: Population Studies >
        • Population test
      • Chapter 2 Overpopulation in Sudan >
        • Overpopulation question
        • Overpopulation and Resources
      • Chapter 3: Migration >
        • Migration Test
        • Student presentations
        • Student Presentations 2
      • Chapter 4 Settlement >
        • Settlement Patterns
        • Student work
        • Student work 2
      • Urban Sprawl-Introduction
      • Chaper 5 Three urban land use models >
        • Chapter 5: Land use change
      • Chapter 6 Urban problems in developed world cities
      • Chapter 7 Heritage Issues & Environmental Issues
      • Chapter 8 Urban planning strategies in Ireland >
        • Chapter 9 Developing world cities / counter-urbanisation
  • Culture and Identity (Hons)
    • Physical indicators of population
    • Cultural indicators of population
    • Nationality and Nation states
    • Case study: Switzerland
  • Geoecology (Hons)
    • Soils
    • Aridisoils
    • Brown earth soils
    • Latosols - Tropical rainforest soil
    • Soil Formation
    • Soil erosion - human activities
    • Soil erosion - preventative methods
    • Biome: Tropical rainforest
  • Field Investigation
    • 2013 field study
  • Exam and Papers
    • Leaving Cert Exam
    • Honours Paper
    • Ordinary Paper
    • What do I study?
  • Revision Centre
    • Physical Revision >
      • Physical Powerpoints
      • Plate tectonic questions
      • Volcano & Earthquake questions
      • Rock revision
      • River Revision
      • Glaciation Revision
    • Regional Revision >
      • Regional Powerpoints
      • EU expansion revision
      • European Regional Revision
    • Elective Revision >
      • Human Elective Powerpoints
      • Economic short questions (H&O)
    • Geoecology Option >
      • Geoecology Powerpoints
      • Geoecology questions
    • Sample Answers >
      • Sample Answers Outline
      • Physical: Sample Answers >
        • Waterfall: River Landform
        • Delta: River Landform
        • Cirques: Glacial landform
        • Drumlin: Glacial landform
        • Cave,Arch,Stack,Stump: Coastal landform
        • Beaches: Coastal landform
        • Isostatic and Eustatic Processes
        • Human control of natural processes
        • Impact of Flood Control
        • Impact of Coastal Management
        • Landform in a Karst landscape
        • Weathering and Erosion
      • Regional: Sample Answers >
        • Regions are areas defined by one or more criteria (two discussed)
        • Agriculture in Irish region influenced by factors
        • Development of agriculture in Mezzo influenced by factors
        • Development of agriculture in Paris Basin influenced by factors
        • Development of secondary activities in a Core Region
        • Industry in The Greater Dublin Area
        • The Gaeltacht
        • Climatic Region: The Cool Temperate Oceanic Climate
        • Tertiary activities in the Paris Basin
        • Two EU policies and their impact
        • EU expansion and the impact on a member state
        • The defining role of Culture (India)
        • Urban Growth : Kolkata, India
        • Growth of an urban area Paris
        • Culture defining a region - India -outline
      • Elective: Sample Answers >
        • Migration
        • Overpopulation
        • Three Urban Models
        • Geoecology: Sample Essays >
          • Soil Formation
          • Characteristics of soil
          • How human activities can accelerate soil erosion
          • Natural processes and soil
          • Tropical rainforest biome
          • Human interaction with a biome
        • Urban problems and solutions
        • Map work: Location of a Town
      • Swapped powerpoints
  • General Information
    • Geography at Leaving Cert level

Introduction to India 

India is  set apart from the rest of Asia by the Himalayas, the highest, youngest and still evolving  mountain chain on the planet. The subcontinent as it is rightly called, touches  three large water bodies and is immediately recognizable on any world map. This  thick, roughly triangular peninsula defines the Bay of Bengal to the east, the  Arabian sea to the west, and the India Ocean to the south.

India holds virtually every kind of landscape imaginable. An abundance of mountain ranges and national parks provide  ample opportunity for eco-tourism and trekking, and its sheer size promises  something for everyone. From north to south India extends a good 2000 miles (3200 km), where  the island nation of Sri  Lanka seems to be squeezed out of India like a great tear, the synapse forming the Gulf of Mannar.

Himalayas, the world's  highest mountain chain and Nepal as its neighbouring country dominate India's northern border. Following the sweeping mountains to the northeast, its borders narrow to a small channel that passes between Nepal, Tibet, Bangladesh, and Bhutan, then spreads out again to meet Burma in the "eastern triangle." Apart from the Arabian Sea, its western border is defined exclusively by Pakistan.

North India is the country's largest region begins with Jammu and Kashmir, with terrain varying from arid mountains in the far north to the lake country and forests near Srinagar and Jammu.
Moving  south along the Indus river, the North becomes flatter and more hospitable,  widening into the fertile plains of Punjab to the west and the Himalayan  foothills of Uttar Pradesh and the Ganges river  valley to the East. Cramped between these two states is the capital city, Delhi.

The states of Gujarat, Maharashtra, Goa, and part of the massive,  central state of Madhya Pradesh constitute West  India. Extending from the Gujarat peninsula down to Goa, the west  coast is lined with some of India's best beaches. The land along the coast is typically lush with rainforests. The Western Ghats separate the verdant coast from the VindyaMountains and the dry Deccan plateau further inland.

India is the home of the sacred River Ganges and the majority of Himalayan foothills, East India begins with the states of Madhya  Pradesh, Bihar, Orissa, which comprise the  westernmost part of the region. East India also  contains an area known as the eastern triangle, which is entirely distinct. This  is the last gulp of land that extends beyond Bangladesh, culminating in the Naga Hills along the Burmese  border.

India reaches  its peninsular tip with South India, which begins with the Deccan in the north  and ends with Cape Comorin. The states in South India are Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh,  Tamil Nadu, and Kerala, a favourite leisure destination. The southeast coast,  mirroring the west, also rests snugly beneath a mountain range---the Eastern Ghats.

The Indian subcontinent,  also Indian Subcontinent and
other terms, is a region of the Asian (and, in turn, the Eurasian) continent on the Indian tectonic plate south of the Himalayas, forming a peninsula which extends southward into the Indian Ocean. Historically forming the whole of greater India, the region now comprises the countries of India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh it often also includes Nepal, Bhutan, and offshore Sri Lanka.

Physical geography
Geographically, the Indian  subcontinent is a
peninsular region in south-central Asia, rather resembling a diamond which is delineated by the Himalayas on the north, the Hindu Kush in the west, and the Arakanese in the east, and which extends southward into the Indian
Ocean with the
Arabian Sea to the southwest and the Bay of Bengal to the southeast. The area covers about 4.4 million km² (1.7 million mi²), which is 10% of the Asian
continent or 2.4% of the world's  land surface area.

Most of this region rests  on a distinct
tectonic plate, the Indian Plate (the northerly portion of the Indo-Australian Plate), and is isolated from the rest of Asia by mountain barriers. It was once a small continent before colliding with the Eurasian Plate about 50-55 million years ago and  giving birth to the Himalayan range and the Tibetan plateau. In addition, it is also home to a variety of geographical features, such as glaciers, rainforests, valleys, deserts, and grasslands.

The Indian subcontinent generally comprises the countries of India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh; it often also includes Nepal, Bhutan, and offshore Sri Lanka and may include the Maldives. Overall, it accounts for about 34% of Asia's population (or over 16.5% of the world's  population) and is home to a vast array of peoples.

Historically, the region  comprised the whole of
greater India or the territories of the
British Raj. This would also include the disputed territory of Aksai Chin, which was part of the British Indian princely state of Jammu and Kashmir, but is now administered as a part  of the Chinese autonomous region of Xinjiang. A booklet published by the United States Department of  State in 1959 includes Afghanistan, Ceylon (Sri Lanka), India, Nepal, and Pakistan as part of the "Subcontinent of South Asia". When the term Indian Subcontinent is used to mean South Asia, the islands countries of Sri Lanka and the Maldives are sometimes not included, while Tibet and Nepal are  included and excluded intermittently, depending on the context.

The  terms "Indian subcontinent" and "
South Asia" are used by some academics
interchangeably. Due to  political sensitivities, some prefer to use the terms
"South Asian  Subcontinent",the "Indo-Pak Subcontinent", or simply "South  Asia"or "the Subcontinent" over the term "Indian subcontinent".  According to some academics, the term "South Asia" is in more common use in  Europe and North America, rather
than the terms  "Subcontinent" or the "Indian Subcontinent”. 

Secondary Economic Activities

Industry
The iron and steel industry in India  is over 122 years old. However, a concerted effort to increase the steel output  was made only in the early years of planning. Three integrated steel plants were  set up at Bhilai, Durgapur and Rourkela. Later two more steel plants, at Bokaro and Vishakhapatnam, were set up.

The automobile industry in India is the
ninth largest in the world with an  annual production of over 2.3 million units in 2008. In 2009, India emerged as Asia's fourth largest exporter of automobiles, behind Japan, South Korea and Thailand.

India has emerged as one of the world's largest manufacturers of small cars. According to
New York Times, India's strong engineering base and expertise in the manufacturing of low-cost, fuel-efficient cars has resulted in the expansion of  manufacturing facilities of several automobile companies like Hyundai Motors, Nissan, Toyota, Volkswagen and Suzuki


In 2008, Hyundai Motors alone exported 240,000 cars made  in India. Nissan Motors plans to export 250,000 vehicles manufactured in its India plant by 2011. Similarly,
General  Motors announced its plans to export about 50,000  cars manufactured in India
by 2011.

In September 2009,
Ford  Motors announced its plans to setup a plant in India with an annual capacity of 250,000 cars for US$500 million. The cars will be manufactured both for the Indian market and for export. The company said that the plant was a part of its plan to make India the hub for its global production business. Fiat Motors also announced that it would source more than US$1 billion worth auto components from India. 

Culture of India


The
culture of India has been  shaped by its long history, unique geography, diverse demographics and the absorption of customs, traditions and ideas from  some of its neighbours as well as by preserving its ancient heritages, which  were formed during the Indus Valley  Civilization and  evolved further during the Vedic age, rise and decline of  Buddhism, Golden age, Muslim conquests and European  colonization.
India's great diversity of
religious practices, languages, customs, and traditions are examples of this unique  co-mingling over the past five millennia. The various religions and
traditions of India that were  created by these amalgamations have influenced other parts of the world too.

Religion

India is the birth place of Dharmic religions such as Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism and Sikhism. Dharmic religions, also known as Indian religions, is a major form of world  religions next to the Abrahamic ones. Today, Hinduism and Buddhism are the world's  third- and fourth-largest religions respectively, with around 1.4 billion  followers altogether.

India is one of the most religiously diverse nations in  the world, with some of the most deeply religious societies and cultures. Religion still plays a central and definitive role in the life of most of its people.

The religion of  more than 80.4% of the people is
Hinduism. Islam is practiced by around 13.4% of all Indians. Sikhism, Jainism and especially Buddhism are influential not only in India but across the world. Christianity, Zoroastrianism, Judaism and the Bahá'í Faith are also influential but their numbers are smaller.  Despite the strong role of religion in Indian life, atheism and agnostics also have visible influence along with a self-ascribed  tolerance to other faiths.

Society
According
to  Eugene M. Makar, the traditional Indian culture is defined by relatively
strict  social hierarchy. He also mentions that from an early age, children are
reminded  of their roles and places in society.
  This is reinforced by the fact that many
believe gods and spirits have integral  and functional role in determining their
life.
  Several differences such as religion divide culture.  However, far more powerful division is the traditional Hindu bifurcation into  non-polluting and polluting occupations.  Strict social taboos have governed these groups for thousands of years.  In recent years, particularly in cities, some of these lines have blurred and  sometimes even disappeared. Nuclear family is becoming central to Indian culture. Important family  relations extend to as far as gotra, the mainly patrilinear lineage or clan assigned to a  Hindu at birth.  In rural areas it is common that three or four generations of the family live  under the same roof. Patriarch often resolves family issues.


Among developing  countries, India has low levels of occupational and geographic mobility. People choose same occupations as their parents and rarely move geographically in the society.  During the nationalist movement, pretentious behavior was something to be  avoided. Egalitarian behaviour and social service were promoted while  nonessential spending was disliked and spending money for ‘showing off’ was  deemed a vice. This image continues in politics with many politicians wearing  simple looking / traditionally rural
clothes.

Family
India for ages has had a prevailing  tradition of the joint family system. It’s a system under
which even extended  members of a family like one’s parents, children, the children’s spouses and  their offspring, etc. live together. The elder-most, usually the male member is  the head in the joint Indian family system who makes all important decisions and  rules, whereas other family members abide by it.
Although women  and men are equal before the law and the trend toward gender equality has been  noticeable, women and men still occupy distinct functions in Indian society.Woman's role in the society is often to perform household works and pro
bono community work
.  This low rate of participation has ideological and historical reasons. Women and  women's issues appear only 7-14% of the time in news programs.  In most Indian families, women do not own any property in their own names, and  do not get a share of parental property.  Due to weak enforcement of laws protecting them, women continue to have little  access to land and property.  In many families, especially rural ones, the girls and women face nutritional  discrimination within the family, and are anaemic and malnourished.  They still lag behind men in terms of income and job status. Traditional Hindu  art, such as Rangoli (or Kolam), is very popular among Indian women. Popular  and influential woman's magazines include Femina, Grihshobha and Woman's  Era.

In Hinduism, cow is regarded as a symbol of ahimsa (non-violence), mother goddess and bringer of good fortune and  wealth.[16]  For this reason, cows are revered in
Hindu culture and feeding a cow is seen as  an act of worship.



Festivals
 

India, being a multi-cultural and  multi-religious society, celebrates holidays and festivals
of various religions.  The three
national holidays in  India, the Independence Day, the Republic Day and the Gandhi Jayanti, are celebrated with zeal and enthusiasm across India.  In addition, many states and regions have local festivals depending on prevalent  religious and linguistic demographics. Popular religious festivals include the  Hindu
festivals of Diwali, Ganesh Chaturthi, Durga  puja, Holi, Rakshabandhan and Dussehra. Several
harvest festivals, such as Sankranthi, Pongal and Onam, are also  fairly popular. Certain festivals in India are celebrated by multiple religions. Notable examples include Diwali which celebrated by Hindus, Sikhs and  Jains and Buddh Purnima which is celebrated by Buddhists and Hindus. Islamic festivals,  such Eid ul-Fitr, Eid  al-Adha and Ramadan, are celebrated by  Muslims across India. Adding colors to the culture of India, the Dree Festival is one of the tribal festivals of India celebrated by the Apatanis of the Ziro valley of Arunachal Pradesh, which is the easternmost state of this country.


Cuisine

 A variety
of  Indian
curries and vegetable
dishes.


The
multiple  families of Indian cuisine are characterized by their sophisticated
and subtle  use of many spices and herbs. Each family of this cuisine is
characterized by a  wide assortment of dishes and cooking techniques. Though a
significant portion  of Indian food is
vegetarian, many traditional Indian dishes
also include
chicken, goat, lamb, fish, and other meats.


Food is an
  important part of
Indian culture, playing a role in everyday
life as well as in  festivals. Indian cuisine varies from
region to region,
reflecting the
varied  demographics of the ethnically diverse subcontinent
.  Generally, Indian cuisine can be
split into five categories: North,  South, East,West Indian and
North-eastern India.


Despite
this  diversity, some unifying threads emerge. Varied uses of
spices are an integral part of food
preparation, and are used  to enhance the flavor of a dish and create unique
flavors and aromas. Cuisine  across India has also been  influenced by various
cultural groups that entered India throughout  history, such as
the
Persians,
Mughals, and European colonists. Though the tandoor originated in Central Asia, Indian tandoori dishes, such as chicken
tikka
made  with Indian ingredients, enjoy widespread
popularity.
[18]


Indian
cuisine  is one of the most popular cuisines across the globe.
[19]  Historically, Indian spices and herbs were one of the most sought after trade
  commodities. The
spice trade between India and Europe led to
the rise and dominance  of Arab traders to such an extent that European
explorers, such as
Vasco da Gama and Christopher Columbus, set out to find
new trade routes  with India leading to the Age of  Discovery.
[20]  The popularity of curry, which
originated in India, across
Asia has often led to the dish being labeled as
the  "pan-Asian" dish.
[21]


Clothing

Traditional  Indian clothing for
women are the saris and also Ghaghra Cholis
(Lehengas). For
men, traditional clothes are the
Dhoti, pancha / veshti or Kurta. Delhi is considered to be India's fashion  capital, housing the
annual Fashion weeks. In some village parts of India,
traditional clothing mostly  will be worn.
Delhi, Mumbai, Chennai, Ahmedabad, and Pune are all places for people who like to shop. In
southern India the men wear long, white sheets
of  cloth called
dhoti in English and in Tamil.
Over the dhoti, men wear shirts, t-shirts, or anything  else. Women wear a
sari, a long sheet of colourful cloth with patterns. This is
  draped over a simple or fancy blouse. This is worn by young ladies and woman.
  Little girls wear a pavada. A pavada is a long skirt worn under a
  blouse. Both are often gaily patterned.
Bindi is part of the women's make-up. Traditionally, the red
  bindi (or sindhur) was worn only by the married Hindu women, but now it has
  become a part of women's fashion. A bindi is also worn by some as their third
  eye. It sees what the others eyes can't and protect your brain from the outside
  and the sun.
[22]Indo-western clothing is the fusion of Western
and
Subcontinentalfashion. Churidar, Dupatta, Gamchha, Kurta, Mundum
Neriyathum
,
Sherwani, uttariya are among other clothes.


Music

 The music
of India includes multiples varieties of
  religious,
folk, popular, pop, and classical music. The oldest preserved
examples of  Indian music are the melodies of the Samaveda that are still  sung in certain Vedic
Śrauta sacrifices. India's classical music tradition is heavily influenced by  Hindu
texts. It includes two distinct styles:
Carnatic and Hindustani music. It is noted for the use of
several
Raga, melodic modes. it has a history spanning
millennia and  it was developed over several eras. It remains instrumental to
the religious  inspiration, cultural expression and pure
entertainment.


 Dance
 
Indian dance too has diverse folk and
classical forms.  Among the well-known
folk dances
are the bhangra of the
Punjab,
the bihu
of
Assam, the chhau of Jharkhand and Orissa,  the ghoomar of Rajasthan,  the dandiya and garba of Gujarat,  the Yakshagana of Karnataka  and lavani  of Maharashtra and Dekhnni of Goa. Eight dance  forms, many with
narrative forms and
mythological elements, have been accorded classical dance status by India's National Academy of  Music, Dance, and Drama.
These are: bharatanatyam of the  state of
Tamil Nadu,
kathak
of
Uttar Pradesh, kathakali and mohiniattam of Kerala, kuchipudi of Andhra Pradesh,
manipuri of
Manipur, odissi of  the state of Orissa and  the sattriya of Assam.[31][32]


Kalarippayattu or Kalari for  short is considered one of the world's oldest
martial art.
It is preserved in texts such as the Mallapurana.  Kalari and other later formed
martial arts have been assumed by some to have  traveled to
China,  like Buddhism, and eventually developing into
Kung-fu. Other later martial arts  are
Gatka, Pehlwani and Malla-yuddha.





 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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